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Have you ever wondered why codes used in programming are referred to as languages? They do not seem to have something in common with human languages, except for the fact they may be learnt, and one can become fluent or proficient in using them. This point of view is only partially correct. While it is true that programming languages are substantially different from spoken languages, as commonly conceived, it may be surprising to discover that some important contributions to t

When considering the differences between humans and other species, there are several fields where a distinction is macroscopically observable. There are some things that only humans seem to be able to do: create and use artefacts and technologies, sequence the genome, project and fly aeroplanes. No other species is able to manipulate matters and objects to the same degree: chimpanzees, which are among the closest relatives to humans, for example, have the ability to, in a ve