Cultural Mediation in Translation Series: Interpreters vs Cultural Mediators

Foreword

In an increasingly globalized world, the ability to effectively mediate between cultures through translation and interpreting is more critical than ever. The objective of this research series is to facilitate the integration of theoretical frameworks with practical applications in cultural mediation. Additionally, it seeks to enhance comprehension of the function of cultural mediation in translation and interpreting, offering both theoretical insights and practical strategies to facilitate intercultural communication in global contexts.

This series will examine the multifaceted roles of cultural mediators, dissecting how they can overcome intercultural challenges and enhance communication in multilingual contexts. By delving into both the theoretical underpinnings and real-world applications, the series will provide readers, including students, practicing professionals, and scholars, with the essential tools and knowledge to understand and implement effective cultural mediation strategies. A mixed-method approach will be employed, with theoretical discussions accompanied by case studies drawn from real-world translation scenarios. This will ensure that each subtopic is supported by examples of contemporary practice, thereby illustrating the application of theories in tangible settings. Furthermore, this series will add to the existing body of knowledge by synthesizing current theories and practices in cultural mediation while offering new insights into its application in professional translation and interpreting contexts. The goal is not only to inform but also to inspire a deeper appreciation of the intricacies involved in translation and interpreting, highlighting the vital role of cultural mediation in fostering global understanding and cooperation. Various studies related to bilingualism in cultural mediation will complement the content of this series, investigating its impact on the process, its necessity, and the role of culture in translation. It is the combination of theoretical analysis and case studies, augmented by illustrative examples, that renders this series distinctive.

The series is divided into the following chapters:

• Cultural Mediation in Translation Series: Bilingualism in Intercultural Mediation

• Cultural Mediation in Translation Series: Mediation Translation

• Cultural Mediation in Translation Series: Translation Strategies for Mediation

• Cultural Mediation in Translation Series: Skopos Theory in Translation

• Cultural Mediation in Translation Series: Interpreters vs Cultural Mediators

• Cultural Mediation in Translation Series: Cultural Mediation in Crisis Translation

In a progressively interconnected and diverse world, the need for language and cultural interpretation has increased considerably. Language experts, particularly interpreters and cultural facilitators, play a crucial role in this development. As communication across language and cultural divides becomes increasingly prevalent, the differences between these two roles are being examined more closely. The distinction between interpreters and cultural mediators is not just linguistic; it reflects a significant difference in implementation, intention, and effect.

Roy (2002) states that interpreters mainly act as channels, relaying messages from one language to another without incorporating personal or cultural insights. Conversely, cultural mediators influence communication by integrating cultural insights, striving to facilitate mutual understanding and social cohesion. This dual role prompts a larger discussion in translation and interpreting research, with growing acknowledgment of the importance of cultural awareness in international communication (Wang, 2017).

This article aims to investigate the primary distinctions and commonalities between interpreters and cultural mediators by examining the relationship between culture and interpreting, considering the diverse responsibilities of interpreters, and contributing to the ongoing discussion surrounding these fields. Utilizing theories from Roy, Wang, and Pöchhacker, as well as empirical evidence from two institutional case studies, this piece underscores the difficulties interpreters encounter when tasked with assuming the mediator's role and suggests avenues for future research in this field.

The Role of Interpreting in Inter-Cultural Communication

Interpreting plays a crucial role in cross-cultural communication, acting as a link between people who lack a shared language. Historically, the interpreter's role has been viewed as that of an impartial entity, responsible for accurately transmitting the verbal content of messages from a source language to a target language. This perspective is based on the "conduit model" of interpreting, in which interpreters are regarded as neutral and unengaged channels of communication.

Figure 1. Mediation Scene. Pexels

Nevertheless, academics like Roy (2002) and Wadensjö (1998) contend that this perspective is too simplistic and overlooks the inherently interactive characteristics of interpreted interactions. Communication extends beyond just sharing words; it is profoundly integrated into cultural values, norms, and underlying assumptions. Consequently, interpreters frequently navigate intricate social landscapes where their involvement can greatly influence the results of exchanges. Interpretation is not a uniform endeavor. It can be classified into several types, such as simultaneous, consecutive, and whispered interpreting, each demanding unique abilities and levels of engagement. Throughout these forms, the difficulty of expressing not just linguistic content but also cultural significance remains a constant challenge. This need indicates a gradual merging of distinctions between interpreters and cultural intermediaries.Language is fundamentally tied to culture. Words, phrases, gestures, and tones convey meanings that are profoundly embedded in cultural contexts. Consequently, to interpret a message effectively, it is essential to grasp not only the spoken words but also the cultural contexts that surround them. For example, a phrase that appears simple in one language could imply something different in another because of historical, cultural, or societal variations. If lacking an awareness of these subtleties, interpreters may distort the message or, even more concerning, create offense. This connection requires interpreters to be both bilingual and bicultural.

Interpreters operate in various fields, each demanding specific skills and environments. In international diplomacy — including the European Parliament, United Nations, or NATO — interpreters play a crucial role in enabling immediate communication among representatives from various nations. In business settings, interpreters facilitate seamless negotiations and precise communication during global meetings, trade exhibitions, or legal agreement discussions. Conference interpreters operate at international events, academic gatherings, and summits, frequently employing simultaneous interpretation to facilitate multilingual communication. Conversely, community or public service interpreters work in environments such as hospitals, courts, and social services, where effective and impartial communication is essential. Nonetheless, it’s crucial to differentiate between interpreters and cultural mediators: although cultural mediators are essential in fostering cultural comprehension in specific social service situations, only interpreters possess the training and qualifications required to handle the linguistic complexities of formal and high-stakes communication, whether in a courtroom, boardroom, or geopolitical summit.

Cultural Mediators: What are Their Duties?

A cultural mediator transcends mere language translation to enhance comprehension among people from diverse cultural backgrounds. The mediator's function includes deciphering cultural contexts, addressing possible misinterpretations, and fostering social unity. This is particularly crucial in fields such as healthcare, education, immigration, and social services, where misunderstandings can lead to significant consequences.

Wang (2017) stated that cultural mediators are educated to serve as engaged contributors in dialogue, steering both sides toward shared comprehension. They frequently act not only as interpreters but also as advocates, teachers, and negotiators. This broadened role renders cultural mediators essential in multicultural communities and organizations where cultural diversity is standard rather than uncommon. Significantly, cultural mediation does not diminish objectivity; instead, it reinterprets it. Cultural mediators seek to be impartial while being culturally conscious, understanding when and how to step in to avoid misunderstandings or hurt feelings, rather than being neutral in a conventional way.

Figure 2: Legal Mediation Representation. Pexels.

Interpreters: They Don’t Just Interpret

A developing role in interpreting is that of the bicultural specialist, that is, an individual who, although mainly an interpreter, has and utilizes cultural knowledge to enhance effective communication. This position connects interpreting with cultural mediation. Pöchhacker (2008) emphasizes that interpreters are increasingly required to have intercultural skills, particularly in contexts dealing with sensitive issues or at-risk groups. This change addresses the constraints of the conduit model and signifies the increasing recognition that culture influences communication as much as language does.Being a bicultural specialist involves more than just language proficiency. It necessitates an understanding of cultural prohibitions, non-verbal communication methods, social hierarchies, and historical conflicts. In areas of conflict or refugee shelters, interpreters might be required to facilitate communication between distressed individuals and government representatives. In these situations, the interpreter's awareness of cultural nuances can influence the outcome of the interaction. This trend brings up significant ethical issues. To what degree should interpreters assume the role of cultural mediators? Is it possible for an individual to successfully carry out both responsibilities without jeopardizing their professional integrity or impartiality?

Interpreting in Healthcare Institutions

To investigate these matters empirically, we analyze a case study of interpreters operating in a major public hospital catering to a diverse multilingual and multicultural community. The organization utilized interpreters and cultural mediators, frequently in a similar manner, yet with different results. In a specific case, a patient of North African descent hesitated to acknowledge a cancer diagnosis. The interpreter, educated in a conduit approach, just rendered the doctor’s statements word for word. The patient responded with bewilderment and anxiety. A cultural mediator subsequently clarified that, in the patient’s culture, talking about death-related subjects openly is regarded as taboo. The mediator reformulated the message with culturally relevant metaphors, resulting in a more empathetic and fruitful dialogue. This situation highlights the constraints of a purely linguistic interpretation in intricate, high-pressure settings. It highlights the importance of cultural mediators in addressing delicate issues and proposes that interpreters might need further training in cultural competence to perform effectively in these situations.

Cultural Mediation in NGO Settings

A second example concerns a non-profit organization (NGO) assisting asylum seekers and refugees in Southern Europe. These people frequently hail from areas of conflict and have experienced trauma, rendering communication especially delicate and intricate.  The NGO hired a group of interpreters to aid in interviews, documentation, and counseling meetings. At first, these interpreters were directed to remain impartial and translate word for word. Nevertheless, this method soon demonstrated its inadequacy. Refugees from various backgrounds, such as Syria, Eritrea, and Afghanistan, often misinterpreted bureaucratic procedures or were hesitant to share their experiences because of cultural and psychological obstacles. A significant event featured a female refugee who declined to discuss her conflict experiences with a male interviewer. The male interpreter communicated her rejection directly, without trying to clarify the cultural nuances of her silence. 

A cultural mediator subsequently stepped in and proposed appointing a female counselor and interpreter, enabling the woman to express herself more freely. This case study supports the idea that interpreters by themselves might not always be enough in cross-cultural settings. The involvement of cultural mediators assisted the NGO in addressing gender norms, power relations, and trauma-informed methods elements that extend past traditional interpretation. Such situations call into question the belief that being neutral and distant is consistently moral or successful. They demonstrate how cultural mediators contribute not through the loss of neutrality but by acknowledging the culturally contextual nature of communication and adjusting interactions accordingly.

Figure 3: NGO Mediation. Pexels.

Cultural Mediation in Institutional Settings

To grasp how interpreting acts as cultural mediation in practice, it is beneficial to revisit the institutional case studies mentioned previously. In the hospital scenario, interpreters were first utilized to facilitate communication in multiple languages. Nevertheless, when cultural elements like the prohibition on openly addressing terminal illnesses made a clear interpretation challenging, cultural mediators were engaged to adjust the message. The interpreter’s language accuracy by itself could not facilitate significant comprehension. The cultural mediator facilitated a more compassionate and effective dialogue between the patient and the doctor by presenting the message in a culturally suitable manner.

This example demonstrates that cultural mediation in translation and interpreting extends beyond mere lexical precision. It encompasses ethical, emotional, and sociocultural aspects that are inseparable from language. It also highlights the necessity for interdisciplinary skills in psychology, anthropology, and ethics beyond mere language proficiency. In the second case study, the NGO’s inability to initially acknowledge the significance of gender-sensitive communication resulted failedto engage effectively with a female refugee. 

The interpreter, functioning within a conventional system, simply conveyed the refugee's refusal to communicate. A cultural mediator subsequently clarified gender norms and enabled successful engagement by altering both staff and methodology. In this context, cultural mediation is shown to involve not only language but also social and ethical aspects. Understanding gender norms, trauma reactions, and cultural stigmas is essential for the effectiveness of these interactions. This addresses the core of cultural mediation within translation studies: to convey meaning in culturally consistent and ethically sensitive manners.

Interpreter as Mediators: Challenges and Ethical Dilemmas

Roy (2002) notably criticized the “conduit model” of interpreting, claiming it inadequately represents the interpreter's influence in shaping communication. This critique also applies to translation studies, where the recognition of the translator's subjectivity and cultural influence is now prevalent. In both fields, the professional is progressively regarded as a mediator instead of just a transmitter.

Figure 4: Communication in Mediation. Pexels.

The interpreter's function is particularly fluid in real-time, in-person exchanges where social signals, emotional nuances, and cultural norms are continually navigated. In various multilingual and multicultural settings, interpreters must go beyond literal translation to clarify cultural references, adjust content, and handle emotional interactions. These actions, though understated, reflect cultural mediation. Wang (2017) clarifies this dual function by differentiating interpreters from cultural mediators. She argues that interpreters are generally required to “stay in their lane” and refrain from providing subjective input. Cultural mediators, conversely, are responsible for proactively guiding discussions to reduce cultural misconceptions. This difference is crucial, yet in reality, the roles frequently shift. Interpreters often assume mediation roles due to necessity, especially in community and institutional environments. The changing function of interpreters in cultural mediation presents considerable ethical and professional dilemmas. Although the advantages of cultural sensitivity are well-established, the merging of roles may result in confusion, role strain, and conflicts of interest.

Interpreters taking on mediator roles may struggle to define the limits of their participation. Are they just translating, or are they providing guidance? This duality may result in mismatched expectations between language professionals and service providers. Institutions might depend too much on interpreters to address culturally based issues that they are not officially equipped to manage. Serving as a cultural mediator might involve clarifying or reinterpreting information, potentially changing the original intent of the message. Though cultural adaptations can foster comprehension, they may also introduce bias or diminish meaning. This poses significant issues in legal or judicial contexts where precision is crucial.

Additionally, cultural mediators might be required to adopt a position, especially when advocacy is necessary. In these situations, their neutrality might be doubted, particularly if one side perceives the mediator as biased towards the other because of a common language or cultural heritage.  Interpreters working in highly emotional settings, like refugee camps or hospitals, frequently encounter elevated stress levels and secondary trauma. When requested to additionally act as cultural mediators, this responsibility increases. They might be required to articulate complex or distressing material in a culturally sensitive and emotionally aware manner, putting them in emotionally intense circumstances without sufficient backing.The ongoing reliance on the conduit model in interpreter education and institutional policies is increasingly condemned as antiquated. According to Roy (2002) and Pöchhacker (2008), interpreting involves active participation with language and context rather than being a passive task. Hence, it is crucial for training programs and professional standards to adopt an interactional and culturally responsive approach. Due to the growing need for cultural understanding, a new hybrid position is arising—combining interpreter and cultural mediator roles. This hybridization requires a reevaluation of professional standards, certification methods, and ethical guidelines. The future interpreter might require a formal education not only in linguistics but also in cultural anthropology, psychology, and ethical studies.

Certain nations have already made progress in this area. In Italy and Canada, community interpreters' training programs incorporate elements of cultural mediation, equipping professionals to function across various aspects of communication. Nonetheless, a deficiency in standardization persists, and numerous interpreters must manage these intricate roles without adequate institutional assistance. Organizations and institutions must revise their protocols to account for the dual nature of interpretation in multicultural settings. Clear job descriptions, boundaries, and support mechanisms need to be established. For example, instead of expecting interpreters to serve as de facto cultural mediators, institutions could employ both professionals in tandem and provide interdisciplinary training to bridge the gap. Furthermore, policies should recognize the emotional labor involved in cultural mediation. Access to psychological support, peer debriefing, and supervision should be normalized for interpreters working in high-stress environments.

Figure 5. Legal Interpreting. Pexels.

Are Translators Facing the Same Challenges?

The field of translation and interpreting has significantly changed due to globalization, migration, and multiculturalism. In this evolving landscape, the conventional roles of interpreters as impartial linguistic facilitators are progressively enhanced or replaced by cultural mediators who manage intricate intercultural interactions. This transition is essential to the wider theoretical and practical field of cultural mediation in translation, where language is viewed not just as a means for converting words, but as a medium for cultural, emotional, and social significance.

Although translation usually pertains to written content and interpreting to verbal communication, both areas face comparable difficulties: maintaining semantic precision alongside cultural subtleties. Cultural mediation, therefore, appears as a conceptual and professional framework recognizing the interconnectedness of language and culture. 

Translators, similar to interpreters, are more frequently required to exceed linguistic precision and adopt positions that encompass greater cultural understanding and contextual sensitivity. In the current globalized and multicultural setting, translating a text is seldom a simple task of direct word-for-word translation. Translators need to manage cultural references, idiomatic phrases, and social customs present in the original text, carefully modifying them for the intended audience. This demands not only language proficiency but also a heightened awareness of cultural variations — a skill set typically linked to cultural intermediaries. Consequently, the distinction between translator and cultural mediator is becoming increasingly fluid, particularly in fields like literary translation, marketing, healthcare, and legal communication, where misunderstandings can lead to significant repercussions.

Furthermore, as translation technologies like machine translation and AI tools advance, the human aspect of translation is progressively centered on interpretation, adaptation, and contextualization. Although machines can perform simple language translations, they frequently struggle with understanding cultural subtleties, emotional tone, or underlying meanings—domains in which human translators are invaluable. In this context, the translator transitions from a passive conduit to an active co-creator of meaning, reflecting the changes observed in interpreting. This convergence emphasizes the increasing importance of cultural mediation in both areas and strengthens the demand for professional training that encompasses not just language abilities but also intercultural awareness and ethical consciousness.

Translation Studies Towards Cultural Mediation Research

Traditionally, translation studies concentrated mainly on equivalence and fidelity and how precisely a text or speech could be translated from one language to another. Initial models like Nida's dynamic equivalence and Catford's linguistic approaches focused on structural and lexical similarities, largely overlooking cultural context. Nonetheless, with theorists such as Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere bringing in the cultural turn during the 1990s, a significant shift took place, and translation began to be viewed more as a cultural negotiation than a mere mechanical transfer.In this updated framework, translators and interpreters are not unseen agents but engaged cultural mediators. They are entrenched in unequal power relationships, ideological frameworks, and cultural standards, which they need to understand and frequently adjust in nuanced ways. Translation and interpreting, therefore, have a shared objective with cultural mediation: to render meaning understandable and pertinent across cultural divides, frequently in socially and politically sensitive situations. Cultural mediation in translation involves more than just conveying information; it includes influencing the interaction among cultures, addressing possible misinterpretations, and promoting cross-cultural comprehension. This is especially vital in high-pressure settings like diplomacy, healthcare, asylum cases, and conflict mediation.

Figure 6: Mediation Research. Pexels.

The function of cultural mediation has become essential in translation studies. From literary translation to audiovisual localization, the need for culturally nuanced translation is increasing. Subtitlers need to take into account humor, idiomatic phrases, and socio-political sensitivities. Literary translators need to maintain a balance between loyalty to the original text and ensuring clarity and significance for the intended readership. In community and institutional interpreting, the shift toward cultural mediation reflects these wider trends. What brings them together is an increasing awareness that communication is always influenced by culture. Whether translating a book or interpreting a medical evaluation, experts must navigate cultural norms, emotional tones, and social identities. This convergence also carries theoretical significance. Cultural mediation advances translation studies beyond structuralist or linguistic frameworks into the domains of postcolonial theory and ethics.

Translation, Mediation, and Power

Another important theme in cultural mediation is authority. Translation and interpreting are inherently non-neutral; they take place within contexts influenced by inequality, institutional power, and cultural ranking. Cultural mediators frequently need to address these disparities, representing marginalized communities and promoting comprehension among differing social standings. In healthcare, legal, and immigration settings, the interpreter or mediator frequently balances the roles of institutional representative and client supporter. This dual obligation may lead to ethical conflicts, particularly when cultural beliefs clash with organizational policies. For instance, an interpreter might experience pressure to disclose confidential details, while simultaneously recognizing that doing so breaches community standards or personal trust.

Pöchhacker (2008) observes that in these instances, interpreters act as “agents of mediation”, aiding communication and reconciling differing expectations. This concept holds significant consequences for translation studies, which are progressively acknowledging the political aspects of cultural mediation. A significant concern brought about by the merging of interpreting and cultural mediation is the absence of uniform training and certification. Though interpreting courses frequently focus on linguistic precision and neutrality, very few consistently include cultural competencies, trauma-informed communication, or mediation ethics. For cultural mediation to be genuinely incorporated into translation and interpreting fields, training initiatives need to adapt. Aspiring interpreters and translators need frameworks to recognize cultural discrepancies and misinterpretations, handle ethical dilemmas, and implement contextual awareness in critical settings. This would require teamwork among linguists, anthropologists, psychologists, and educators, ultimately enhancing both theory and application.

Organizations that utilize interpreters in healthcare, education, or legal environments must reexamine their beliefs. Instead of viewing cultural mediation as an "additional" or unofficial role, institutions ought to acknowledge it as essential for meaningful communication. This involves recruiting experts who are specifically skilled in cultural mediation, offering psychological assistance and oversight to reduce burnout, and setting up clear guidelines and limits to prevent role ambiguity.

Figure 7. The World in our hands. Pexels.

Conclusion

Cultural mediation has shifted from being a marginal issue in translation and interpreting to becoming central to successful cross-cultural communication. The difference between interpreters and cultural mediators, emphasized by Roy, Wang, and Pöchhacker, reflects changing professional requirements and theoretical models. Interpreters, typically obliged to maintain neutrality and linguistic precision, are more often expected to act as cultural brokers—clarifying, modifying, and sometimes advocating in intricate, multicultural exchanges.

Real-world case studies demonstrate that interpreters without cultural mediation skills may inadvertently hinder communication, whereas those with these abilities can promote empathy, understanding, and effective dialogue. These results highlight the critical necessity to incorporate cultural mediation into training, policy, and professional identity within interpreting and the wider translation fields. As interpreters face more scenarios requiring cultural understanding, emotional awareness, and ethical considerations, the field must adapt to embody this truth. Cultural mediation must not be regarded as a secondary or incidental aspect of interpreting—it ought to be fundamental to the interpreter's identity and role. This is especially important in community interpreting, humanitarian efforts, legal situations, and healthcare settings, where cultural misinterpretations can lead to serious repercussions.The transition from being a conduit to a co-creator of meaning does not entail giving up neutrality, but instead altering its configuration. An interpreter or translator with cultural awareness maintains neutrality in terms of bias or personal beliefs, while diligently ensuring that both parties comprehend each other not only in language but also culturally and emotionally. This enhanced type of neutrality, frequently referred to as “cultural objectivity”, is better aligned with the intricacies of authentic communication. As translation studies keep examining the connections between language, culture, and power, the interpreter's role as a cultural mediator will increasingly gain significance. Future studies need to explore the psychological effects, ethical limits, and institutional structures to facilitate this combined role.

In summary, adopting cultural mediation as a core component of translation and interpreting is not just an academic requirement—it is a practical, ethical, and human obligation in our diverse and interconnected society. This developing perception of interpreters and translators as cultural intermediaries also necessitates a change in how their contributions are appreciated and facilitated. These experts should be regarded not just as language specialists but as essential enablers of intercultural communication. Organizations, educators, and policymakers need to work together to establish training standards that emphasize intercultural skills in addition to language proficiency.

Additionally, interdisciplinary research and practice ought to inform the creation of resources, protocols, and ethical guidelines for cultural mediation. Recognizing and institutionalizing the intricacies of cultural mediation is essential for the fields of interpreting and translation to effectively address the needs of our globalized, diverse societies. The difference between interpreters and cultural mediators goes beyond a theoretical discussion; it represents a genuine and developing challenge in intercultural communication. The former, traditionally seen as impartial transmitters of language, are more frequently required to undertake roles that necessitate cultural awareness, emotional insight, and ethical judgment. This article explores the distinct roles of interpreters and cultural mediators, their areas of overlap, and how professional practices are evolving to meet emerging needs. Through a combination of theoretical analysis and real-world case studies from healthcare and NGO settings, it challenges the limitations of the traditional conduit model and underscores the importance of adopting a more flexible and culturally responsive approach to interpreting.

However, this development faces its own difficulties. Merging interpreting with cultural mediation can lead to ethical issues, confusion of roles, and emotional pressure for language specialists. To tackle these challenges, interpreter training programs should include intercultural communication and ethical decision-making. Professional organizations and institutions need to create more defined frameworks that clearly differentiate and integrate these roles efficiently. Future studies ought to explore the lasting effects of hybrid interpreting/mediation models on service results, interpreter wellness, and institutional effectiveness. Cross-country and cross-sector comparative studies may offer valuable insights into effective practices for training and deployment. Additionally, the perspectives of interpreters and mediators, frequently marginalized in scholarly discussions, should be highlighted to guarantee that changing policies align with the realities of their professional work. In the end, acknowledging and formalizing the significance of cultural mediation in interpreting goes beyond professional clarity; it represents progress toward more humane, effective, and inclusive communication in a globalized society.

Bibliographical References

Pöchhacker, F. (2008). Interpreting as mediation. In C. Valero-Garcés & A. Martin (Eds.), Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting: Definitions and Dilemmas (pp. 9–26). John Benjamins.

Roy, C. B. (2002). The problem with definitions, descriptions, and the role metaphors of interpreters. In F. Pöchhacker & M. Shlesinger (Eds.), The Interpreting Studies Reader (pp. 345–353). Routledge.

Wang, J. (2017). Interpreting and cultural mediation: A conceptual overview. In J. Wang, D. Xu, & H. Tian (Eds.), Interpreting Studies in China: Current Trends and Future Directions (pp. 89–104). Springer.

Wadensjö, C. (1998). Interpreting as Interaction. Longman.

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Figure 2. Pexels. Legal Mediation Representation (2024). http://www.pexels.com/es

Figure 3. Pexels. NGO Mediation (2024). http://www.pexels.com/es

Figure 4. Pexels. Communication in Mediation (2024). http://www.pexels.com/es

Figure 5. Pexels. Legal Interpreting (2024). http://www.pexels.com/es

Figure 6. Pexels. Mediation Research (2024). http://www.pexels.com/es

Figure 7. Pexels. The World in our hands (2024). http://www.pexels.com/es